Pdf Andrew P Garvin the Art of Being Well Informed
Understanding Data, Information, Noesis And Their Inter-Relationships
Anthony Liew, Walden University
ABSTRACT:
Knowledge, Data, and Data are key words and also fundamental concepts in knowledge management, intellectual upper-case letter, and organizational learning. This newspaper includes the reasons for vagueness and defoliation commonly associated with those central terms, proposed definitions of the cardinal terms, and two models of their transformations and interactions.
Keywords: Knowledge management, intellectual capital, organizational learning, cognition, data, information
one.�������� Introduction
Despite many attempts at the definition of 'Data', 'Data', and 'Knowledge', there all the same seems to be a lack of a clear and consummate picture of what they are and the relationships between them. Although many definitions are relevant, they are far from being complete. It is not the intention of this paper to criticize those whom have paved the manner to better understanding of the topic. Rather, the goal is to provide a different or new perspective in the context of business concern and noesis management. Below is a table of various definitions of Information, Information, and Knowledge from different authors. The table also includes definitions from Webster's Collegiate Lexicon. Most if non all of the definitions shared a mutual anomaly; they are divers with each other, i.eastward. information in terms of information, data is defined in terms of data &/or cognition, and noesis is defined in terms of data. If we are just describing the inter-relationships, that is all very well. However, with regard to definitions, this is a logical fallacy i.due east. round definitions or argumentations. (It is in Philosophy 101 – Critical Thinking and Reasoning).
Table i: Definition
| Data | Information | Knowledge | Source |
| Information is comprised of the basic, unrefined, and generally unfiltered information | Information… is much more refined data… that has evolved to the point of existence useful for some class of assay | Noesis resides in the user…happens only when human feel and insight is applied to data and information | Knowledge Nirvana – Achieving The Competitive Advantage Through |
| | An Intelligent Arrangement – Integrating Performance, Competence and Noesis Management; by Pentti Sydanmaanlakka, 2002, Capstone Publishing | ||
| Information: Processed data… formalized, capture and explicated; can easily be packaged into reusable class | Knowledge: Actionable information… frequently emerges in minds of people through their experiences | The Essential Guide to Noesis Direction – E - Business organization and CRM Applications; past Amrit Tiwana, 2001, Prentice – Hall | |
| Information is data put in context; it is related to other pieces of data. Information is about meaning, and information technology forms the ground for cognition | Knowledge… encompasses the belief s of groups or individuals, and information technology is intimately tied to action | Enabling Knowledge Creation – How to Unlock the Mystery of Tacit Cognition and Release the Power of Innovation; by Georg Von Krogh, Ichijo, and Nonaka, 2000, Oxford University Printing | |
| Data has been divers as information that is " in germination" – that is, data that has been stored, analyzed, and displayed, and is communicated through spoken linguistic communication, graphic displays, or numeric tables | Knowledge… is defined as the meaningful links people make in their minds between data and its application in activeness in a specific setting | Mutual Knowledge – How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know; by Nancy M. Dixon, 2000, | |
| Knowledge is a trunk of information, technique, and experience that coalesces around a particular subject | Managing Knowledge Workers – New Skills and Attitudes to Unlock the Intellectual Majuscule in Your Organization; by Frances Horibe, 1999, John Wiley & Sons | ||
| Information are elements of analysis. | Information is data with context. | Knowledge is information with meaning | Innovation Strategy for the Knowledge Economy: The Ken Awakening; past Debra M. Amidon, 1997, Butterworth-Heinemann |
| Data must exist organized to become data | Information must be put into context to become noesis | The Fine art of Being Well Informed – What You Need To Know To Proceeds The Winning Edge In Business; by Andrew P. Garvin, 1996, Avery Publishing Group | |
| Information is a menstruum of messages | Noesis is created by the very flow of information, anchored in the beliefs and commitment of its holder." | The Knowledge - Creating Visitor – How Japanese Companies create the Dynamics of Innovation, by Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi, 1995, Oxford University Printing | |
| Data is a set of discrete, objective facts about events… as structured records of transactions | Information… every bit message… in the (various) form of communication… to have an bear upon on judgment and behavior | Noesis is a fluid mix of framed feel, values, contextual information, and practiced insights that provides a framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information… | Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know. By Thomas H. Davenport and Laurence Prusak, 2000. |
| Data: 1. factual information used every bit a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation; 2. information output by a sensing device or organ that includes both useful and irrelevant or redundant information and must be processed to be meaningful; three. information in numerical grade that can be digitally transmitted or processed. | Information: 1. the communication or reception of cognition or intelligence; ii. noesis obtained from investigation, study, or instruction; 3. Facts, Information; 4. quantitative measure of the content of information. | Knowledge: one. Cognizance; 2. the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or clan; 3. the range of one's information or understanding; 4. the sum of what is known: the torso of truth, data, and principles acquired by mankind. | Merriam Webster's Collegiate Lexicon xth ed. |
For all intents and purposes, we demand definitions that are concise, definitive, and distinct in attributes or characteristics, showroom likely purpose, and/or offer inter-relationships. This field of study is not an piece of cake one; information technology involves all-encompassing conceptual thinking dealing with many abstract concepts and semantics. All the same, a thorough agreement of this topic is the quintessential foundation of data and knowledge management.
Personal experience leads me to conclude that 'definitions' can never be overstated in terms of their importance. Expert definitions include several essential characteristics: (1) boundaries (i.east. sectional, aught left out); (ii) purpose (i.e. what it does), and (3) attributes or characteristics (i.e. what it is). My proposed definitions of 'Data', 'Information', and 'Knowledge' fall inside the parameter of a good definition. Thereafter, nosotros can look into the inter-relationships between the defined subjects.
2.�������� Definitions
Data are recorded (captured and stored) symbols and point readings.
� Symbols include words (text and/or verbal), numbers, diagrams, and images (still &/or video), which are the building blocks of communication.
� Signals include sensor and/or sensory readings of light, audio, smell, gustation, and affect.
As symbols, 'Data' is the storage of intrinsic significant, a mere representation. The principal purpose of data is to record activities or situations, to attempt to capture the truthful picture or real event. Therefore, all data are historical, unless used for illustration purposes, such equally forecasting. [Note: Notwithstanding, Rehauser and Kremar (1996, p.half-dozen; cited by Probst et al., 2000) fabricated a distinction between symbol and data with syntax.]
Data is a message that contains relevant meaning, implication, or input for conclusion and/or action. Data comes from both current (communication) and historical (processed information or 'reconstructed picture') sources. In essence, the purpose of information is to help in making decisions and/or solving problems or realizing an opportunity.
Knowledge is the (1) noesis or recognition (know-what), (2) chapters to act (know-how), and (three) agreement (know-why) that resides or is contained inside the mind or in the brain. The purpose of knowledge is to better our lives. In the context of business, the purpose of knowledge is to create or increase value for the enterprise and all its stakeholders. In brusque, the ultimate purpose of knowledge is for value creation.
Given the definitions for information, information, and knowledge, the relationships between data and data, information and knowledge, why they are well-nigh oftentimes regarded as interchangeable and when they are non, the processes and their relevance to our intended application can be explored. The central to understanding the intricate relationship between data, information, and knowledge lies at the source of information and information. The source of both is twofold: (one) activities, and (2) situations. Both activities and situations generate information (i.e. 'relevant meaning' to someone) that either is captured thus becoming Information, or becomes oblivious (lost).
Examples of activities where data is generated and information tin be collected include business concern activities like production, sales transactions, or advertising campaigns. Situations pertain to changes in the environment that may or may not be related to homo activities, such as changes in the climate. Changes in the climate would affect such human activities every bit agriculture, or other economic activities such as cargo aircraft. A state of affairs is a context that affects decisions. For example, the deterioration of a factory edifice may bear on product. In brusque, activities and situations generate information that feed into the controlling process. The following diagram illustrates the relationships betwixt data and data.
Figure 1: Germination Of Data nd Data
Once they are captured and stored, data tin can be processed back into information through compilation and assay. The motion picture of by activities and situations can thus exist reconstructed. There are two primal aspects of information processing, compilation, and/or analysis:
� Data to data
� Data to context
For instance, 'Anthony' represents a person, and '555-2345' represents a phone number. Both pieces of data may have a relationship, such every bit ownership, that means '555-2345 is Anthony's phone number', which in turn implies a message or determination where in that location is a likelihood of reaching Anthony via phone call. Further compilation of names of customers and their contact numbers may lead to information of how many customers one tin can reach and possible times needed to consummate the task, i.e. 100 customers vs. 10,000 customers. An example of data to context data processing is 'Anthony' located in a electric current telephone book vs. 'Anthony' located on a tombstone. Both the aforementioned information in different context would yield different meaning, implications or information that may necessitate a different decision or effect.
Diagram 2: Relationships Among Knowledge, Information, And Data
The fundamental to agreement the relationship between data and noesis is to know where the information resides. Retrieve that information is at its essence a message that is generated from activities and situations. However, data resides in storage media (database, print, video tapes, etc.) in the form of information, or in the human heed equally knowledge (in its simplest form of know-what or the higher forms of know-how and know-why). If this is the case, then the overlap between data and data vis-�-vis information and noesis becomes obvious, i.e. they occupy different space at the same time. This also explains why many perceive information and information, likewise equally information and noesis as interchangeable. "…1 man'south data can be some other human's knowledge, and vice versa, depending on context" (Stewart, 2002, p.vi footnote). However, they are not interchangeable in terms of their accustomed distinct definitions. And then, what is a volume: noesis, information or data? It is all the higher up in various context. A volume is knowledge from the writer's perspective, information for the potential reader, and data as well which is contained in a storage media (chosen 'volume').
These distinctions can help the states crystallize our agreement in terms of managing information, information, and knowledge within the business model or organization. The importance or usefulness of definitions cannot be overstated when information technology comes to execution of management activities and business concern programs that involve millions upon millions of dollars.
Data management is the capture, storage, structure, compilation, retrieval, and analysis of records. It is the reconstruction of recent or historical events equally inputs for decision-making and/or problem solving.
Information management includes reconstructing a picture of historical events, collecting electric current or recent market intelligence, equally well every bit projecting possible futurity events (forecasting and scenario planning), and of course analysis for decision making and/or trouble solving. Thereafter, activeness can be taken and so reviewed.
Knowledge management, on the other mitt, is, in essence, the direction of human being capital (tacit knowledge that resides in the human mind) relationship capital letter such as customer, supplier, strategic alliance, social capital (tacit and explicit), and structural majuscule (explicit cognition a.k.a. data and information), the source and stock of knowledge; and the catamenia of knowledge equally in knowledge creation, sharing, and awarding to create and/or sustain organizational value and competitive advantage.
3.������ Conclusion
Knowledge direction is not an isolated concept. Topics such as individual and organizational learning, creativity and innovation, leadership and teamwork, community networking, technology, corporate civilization, and strategy contribute to the process of creating, capturing, and applying knowledge for value cosmos. Knowledge management is neither a fleeting concept nor a fad. It is just elusive because of its multi-disciplinary characteristics. In time, as more research and understanding is applied information technology will be ameliorate understood.
Final words on the definition of data, information, and noesis may not and should not come from this document. All the same, this paper has hopefully clarified sure problems for time to come applications.
4.������ References
Amidon, D.M. (1997) Innovation Strategy for the Knowledge Economy: The Ken Awakening; Butterworth-Heinemann,
Garvin, A.P. (1996) The Art of Being Well Informed – What You lot Need To Know To Proceeds The Winning Edge In Concern; Avery Publishing Group,
Horibe , F. (1999) Managing Knowledge Workers – New Skills and Attitudes to Unlock the Intellectual Upper-case letter in Your Organization; John Wiley & Sons,
Kelley, J. (2002) Cognition Nirvana: Achieving The Competitive Advantage Through
Merriam Webster'south Collegiate Lexicon,
Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995) The Knowledge-Creating Company – How Japanese Companies create the Dynamics of Innovation; Oxford University Press,
Probst , G., Raub, S., and Romhardt, K. (2000) Managing Knowledge: Building Blocks for Success; John Wiley & Sons,
Rehauser, J., and Kremar, H. (1996) Wissensmanagement im Unternehman, in: Schreyogg, G./Conrad, P. (eds) Managementforshung 6: Wissenmanagement, 1-140, Berlin/NewYork: de Gruyter.
Stewart, T.A. (2002) The Wealth of Knowledge: Intellectual Upper-case letter and the Twenty-Start Century Organisation; Nicholas Brealey Publishing,
Sydanmaanlakka , P. (2002) An Intelligent Organisation – Integrating Performance, Competence and Knowledge Management; Capstone Publishing,
Tiwana, A. (2001) The Essential Guide to Knowledge Management – E - Business and CRM Applications; Prentice – Hall,
Von Krogh, G., Ichijo, G., and Nonaka, I. (2000) Enabling Knowledge Creation: How to Unlock the Mystery of Tacit Knowledge and Release the Power of Innovation;
Contact the Author:
Anthony Liew, 53 Nan Kang Route, Section iii, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 115; Tel: (886) 926-960012; Email: anthonylautw@yahoo.com
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